What do mariners mean by “heaving to”?

The term “heaving to” refers to a specific maneuver that allows a vessel to effectively stop or significantly slow its forward motion while maintaining its position relative to the wind and waves. This is often achieved by aligning the sails in such a way that they balance the forces of the wind and the water. By doing this, the vessel presents a small profile to the waves, reducing its overall speed and allowing it to drift with the current and wind rather than making forward progress.

This technique is particularly useful in certain conditions, such as when facing heavy weather, allowing the crew to organize the ship, conduct repairs, or wait for better weather conditions without being pushed off course by the wind or waves. It is a crucial skill in seamanship that ensures safety and control during challenging navigational situations.

The other choices, while related to maritime activities, do not encompass the definition of “heaving to” in the context of sailing. Repairing damaged sails is a maintenance task, preparing for bad weather involves various precautions but does not specifically describe the act of stopping motion, and adjusting cargo is related to stability and balance rather than the vessel's motion in the water.